Reduced Aerobic Fitness Despite Healthy Body Composition in Physically Active Children with Congenital Heart Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have previously been shown to be less physically active, have greater fatness, have less lean muscle mass, and lower aerobic fitness compared to healthy matched controls. The relationship between body composition measurements and aerobic fitness in physically active children with CHD compared to similarly active healthy age- and sex-matched children is unclear. PURPOSE: To determine body composition and it’s relationship with 6MWT distance in children with CHD and similarly physically active healthy age- and sex-matched children. METHODS: Twenty-five children with CHD (11 ± 2 years; m = 15; f = 10) and 15 age- and sex-matched controls (11 ± 2 years; m = 8; f = 7) were studied. Children had similar self-reported physical activity scores (CHD: 3.0 ± 0.8 vs. control: 3.3 ± 0.6; scale = 1-5 from lowest (1) to highest (5) physical activity level; Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children). CHD diagnoses included tetralogy of Fallot (n = 6), pulmonary or aortic stenosis (n = 3), hypoplastic left or right heart syndrome (n = 4), Ebstien’s anomaly (n = 1), atrial or ventricular septal defect (n = 5), transposition of the great arteries (n = 2), double inlet left ventricle (n = 1), tricuspid or pulmonary atresia (n = 2), coarctation of the aorta (n = 2), dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 1), and heart transplantation (n = 1). Children performed a 6MWT. Total body lean mass and total body fat was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Comparisons were made with t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests. The relationship between body composition and 6MWT distance was determined using multiple linear regression. Data are mean ± SD and p < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS: 6MWT distance was lower in children with CHD (501 ± 80 m) vs. healthy controls (592 ± 77 m, p < 0.05). Total body lean mass (CHD: 26.2 ± 12.2 kg vs. control: 27.6 ± 12.1 kg), and total body fat (CHD: 24 ± 7 % vs. control: 23 ± 9%) were not different between groups (all p > 0.05). Body composition was not related to 6MWT distance in children with CHD (p > 0.05), whereas total body lean mass and body fat significantly predicted 6MWT in controls (R2 = 0.471, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Self-reported physically active children with CHD have a reduction in aerobic fitness compared to similarly active healthy matched children, independent of similar body composition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".