Response Time and Gaze Behaviour in Individuals with Post Concussion Syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Upon sustaining a concussion, a minority of cases may experience symptoms beyond the expected average recovery timeline of 3-15 days and are classified as having Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS). Possible predictors of PCS include attention and memory tasks, serum protein levels, headaches and dizziness. However, these predictors are only able to identify those at risk of experiencing PCS and require further examination. More recent research has suggested the assessment of eye movement in this population. Longer fixations indicate that more information is being gathered, specifically the final fixation on a target/object, referred to as Quiet Eye (QE), prior to making a response. PURPOSE: To assess whether gaze behaviour is related to performance on a choice reaction time (CRT) task in non-concussed (NC) individuals and individuals with PCS (PCS). HYPOTHESES: Individuals with PCS will display greater Response Time (RT), decreased accuracy, and different gaze behaviour compared to NC. METHODS: Twenty-one non-concussed individuals (24 ± 2 years) and 9 individuals with PCS (23 ± 2 years) were tested. All participants were asked to complete a CRT task in the form of an iPad application, which measured each individual’s response time (RT) to a decision-making task during two blocks of trials while wearing a head-mounted Eye Tracker system. RESULTS: Mean RT was significantly greater (slower) (p < .01) in the PCS group compared to the non-concussed group at both blocks (Block 1: PCS µ = 0.96s, s = 0.13s, NC: µ = 0.75s, s = 0.18s; Block 2: PCS µ = 0.90s, s = 0.16s, NC: µ = 0.72s, s = 0.17s). Overall task accuracy, measured as percent correct, was also significantly lower in PCS (µ = 0.53, s = 0.03) compared to NC (µ = 0.58, sE = 0.03). Final QE duration was significantly longer (p < .05) in NC compared to PCS at block 1 (NC: µ = 0.234, s = 0.140; PCS: µ = 0.068, s = 0.139) and 2 (NC: µ = 0.221, s = 0.136; PCS: µ = 0.069, s = 0.136), indicating that fundamental levels of cognitive processing may be hindering decision-making abilities in the PCS population. CONCLUSION: Individuals with PCS are unable to demonstrate similar RT scores compared to non-concussed individuals at rest. Higher levels of cognitive processing, assessed through gaze behaviour, may explain this difference in response time and should be further considered a predictor of the onset of PCS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".