Changes in Foot Pronation Biomechanics From a Walk to a Run
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Footwear prescription is often based on observation and/or measurement of walking (W) gait biomechanics to serve as a surrogate for foot mechanics when running (R). However, a comprehensive understanding of changes in foot biomechanics between W and R conditions remains unclear. PURPOSE: To determine changes in kinematics during W and R conditions for select foot biomechanical variables. METHODS: Three-dimensional W and R biomechanics were analyzed on a treadmill using standard motion analysis techniques and standardized speeds (W=1.1 m/s ±5%; R=2.7m/s ±10). Kinematic data for 437 athletes (187 male; 250 female; 18–48 years) were calculated. Variables of interest included peak rearfoot eversion RFEv, peak eversion velocity (EVVel), time to peak eversion (TTPEv), eversion excursion (EVExc), footstrike angle (FSA), and foot progression angle (PFA). All variables were analyzed using paired t-tests (p<0.05) for W to R comparisons. RESULTS: Compared to W, athletes exhibited small, yet significant increases during R for RFEv (W=-5.4 ±1.7°; R=-6.3 ±2.1°; p=0.01) and 147 athletes (31%) exhibited clinically meaningful increases greater than 2°. Compared to W, athletes exhibited significant increases for EVVel (W=108±30°/s; R=232±53°/s; p=0.01), and significant decreases for TTPEv (W=40±12%; R=25±5%; p=0.01) and FSA (W=24±3°; R=13±3°; p=0.01) for R. There were no significant differences between W and R for EVExc (W=-8.6±1.8°; R=-8.9±2.4°; p=0.08) or FPA (W=10.4±3.2°; R=10.5±3.3°; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: When running, FSA decreased towards a more horizontal heel strike orientation, RFEv occurred earlier during stance, and the foot everted at a greater velocity for this population of athletes. The overall subtle changes in RFEv from W to R suggest this kinematic variable does not change between walking and running for the majority of runners. However, since 31% of runners exhibited a change of 2o or more in RFEv, these results suggest that a running analysis may be required for proper footwear prescription.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".