Bibliographic record
Abstract
Light weighting of primary aircraft structures has resulted in ever increasing transition from aluminum alloys to composite materials. Nonetheless, the regions of stress concentration in the composite materials need local reinforcement with metallic structures. Of the various possibilities, titanium alloys offer the highest electrochemical compatibility, with a concomitant high strength to weight ratio, but their high raw material cost and relatively poor machinability and formability are strong motivators to introduce emerging manufacturing technologies that allow a reduction in the buy to fly ratio (i.e. minimized scrap). Hence, the development of cost efficient joining technologies has become an indispensable challenge for the design and near net shape processing of titanium alloy structures. Arc welding, including plasma, has been the traditional joining process used for titanium alloys. However, the high reactivity of titanium with atmospheric gases at elevated temperatures above 400C, especially in the liquid state, has led to the use of high vacuum electron beam welding, particularly for the aerospace industry. With the development of high power solid-state lasers and solid-state linear friction welding, these advanced joining processes have shown significant potential for titanium alloys. In recent years, the Aerospace branch of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) has conducted some fundamental studies to understand the weldability of a new aerospace titanium alloy, Ti5Al5V5Mo3Cr, using high power solid-state laser and solid-state linear friction welding processes. This presentation will summarize the important progresses achieved in this field. (The authors acknowledge T. Shariff (master) and E. Dalgaard (Ph.D.) and their supervisors Profs. R. Chromik and J.J. Jonas from McGill University; NRC staff E. Poirier, M. Guerin, D. Chiriac, X. Pelletier, J. Baradari and M. Jahazi; Standard Aero Limited staff J. Cuddy and A. Birur.)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".