Organochlorine Contaminants, Immunocompetence and Vitellogenin in Herring Gulls (<i>Larus argentatus</i>) and Great Black-Backed Gulls (<i>Larus marinus</i>) Nesting on Lake Ontario in 2001–2002
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 2001–2002, Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) eggs from Lake Ontario had significantly higher concentrations of organochlorine contaminants than Herring Gull (L. argentatus) eggs. This study investigated whether higher contaminants in Great Black-backed Gulls affected immunocompetence, packed cell volume (PCV) and body condition in chicks, endocrine disruption and body condition in adults, and reproductive success. Variables were compared between species at two Lake Ontario sites (one in Ontario, Canada, and one in New York, USA), and with a control site in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. For Herring Gull chicks, body condition and total antibody titers to sheep red blood cells were greater at one contaminated site; PCV, phytohemagglutinin-P stimulation and reproductive output did not differ among sites. For Great Black-backed Gull chicks, PCV was significantly lower at one contaminated site; there were no other significant differences among sites. Between species, Herring Gull chicks had significantly higher antibody responses to sheep red blood cells at two sites and higher PCV at one site. Vitellogenin was not detected in the plasma of any adult males. Body condition of adult male Herring Gulls was significantly greater on Lake Ontario than in the Bay of Fundy control site. High contaminant concentrations in Great Black-backed Gull eggs from Lake Ontario were not associated with differences in phytohemagglutinin-P stimulation or body condition in chicks, nor with differences in reproductive output, compared with Herring Gulls, or with Great Black-backed Gulls at a control site.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".