Land cover classification of RADARSAT-2 SAR data using convolutional neural network
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on deep learning method for land cover classification of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The proposed method consists of convolutional layers, pooling layers, a full connection layer and an output layer. The method acquires high-level abstractions for SAR data by using a hierarchical architecture composed of multiple non-linear transformations such as convolutions and poolings. The feature maps produced by convolutional layers are subsampled by pooling layers and then are converted into a feature vector by the full connection layer. The feature vector is then used by the output layer with softmax regression to perform land cover classification. The multi-layer method replaces hand-engineered features with backpropagation (BP) neural network algorithm for supervised feature learning, hierarchical feature extraction and land cover classification of SAR images. RADARSAT-2 ultra-fine beam high resolution HH-SAR images acquired in the rural urban fringe of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) are selected for this study. The experiment results show that the accuracy of our classification method is about 90% which is higher than that of nearest neighbor (NN).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".