Arterial Stiffness in Physically Active Children with Congenital Heart Disease and Low Aerobic Fitness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are often less physically active and have reduced aerobic fitness compared to healthy matched controls. Children with CHD are also at risk for developing greater arterial stiffness, and physical inactivity is known to potentiate this risk. The degree of arterial stiffness in physically active children with CHD is not known. PURPOSE: To determine arterial stiffness in self-reported physically active children with CHD and similarly active healthy age- and sex-matched children. METHODS: Twenty children with CHD (11 ± 3 years; m = 9; f = 11) and 24 age- and sex-matched controls (11 ± 3 years; m = 12; f = 12) were studied. Children had similar self-reported physical activity scores (CHD: 3.1 ± 0.7 vs. control: 3.3 ± 0.7; scale = 1-5 from lowest (1) to highest (5) physical activity level; Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children). CHD diagnoses included tetralogy of Fallot (n = 7), hypoplastic left or right heart syndrome (n = 3), Ebstien’s anomaly (n = 1), atrial or ventricular septal defect (n = 5), transposition of the great arteries (n=2), double inlet left ventricle (n = 1), tricuspid or pulmonary atresia (n = 2), coarctation of the aorta (n = 2), single ventricle (n = 1), dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 1), and heart transplantation (n = 1). Children performed a 6MWT. Arterial stiffness was determined from ECG-gated pulse wave velocity assessment with applanation tonometry at the carotid and radial artery sites. Data were analyzed with t-tests and simple linear regression. Data are mean ± SD and p < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS: Body mass index (CHD: 18 ± 4 kg/m2 vs. controls: 19 ± 4 kg/m2; p > 0.05) and waist circumference (CHD: 66 ± 10 cm vs. controls: 68 ± 10 cm; p > 0.05) were similar between groups. 6MWT distance was lower in children with CHD (514 ± 58 m) vs. healthy controls (604 ± 77 m, p < 0.05). Pulse wave velocity was similar between children with CHD (8.8 ± 1.2 m/s) and healthy controls (8.8 ± 1.3 m/s; p > 0.05). There was no significant relationship between pulse wave velocity and 6MWT distance in either group (both p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Self-reported physically active children with CHD have normal arterial stiffness compared to similarly active healthy matched children. Regular physical activity in children with CHD may maintain arterial health but does not normalize aerobic fitness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".