Gastrointestinal: Diphyllobothriasis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 34-year-old Japanese man whose favorite food was salmon sushi was referred for evaluation because of abdominal discomfort. Colonoscopy was performed. Surprisingly, we identified a long, noodle-like, mobile worm extending from the terminal ileum to the anus (1, 2). The worm had a pale color and fragments were removed from the colon by gentle traction with a retrieval basket. The worm was identified as Diphyllobothrium latum. The patient was treated with 600 mg of praziquantel. D. latum is the longest tapeworm in humans and is usually located in the lower jejunum or upper ileum. A typical worm is 4–15 m in length and 10–20 mm in width. It has an elongated scolex with two sucking grooves, a thin neck and 3000–4000 proglottids. The latter produce up to 1 million eggs each day that are excreted into the intestinal lumen and passed in feces. The life-cycle is relatively complex and involves larval stages that develop in water and in two intermediate hosts, fresh water crustaceans and fish. Humans are infected by eating raw fish. As the developing larvae have particular ecologic requirements, human infections are largely restricted to Northern Europe, Canada and Alaska. Tapeworms can be single or multiple and may result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, parasthesia, diarrhea and craving for salt. A minority of patients (2%) develop vitamin B12 deficiency, apparently because of vitamin B12 absorption by the adult worms as well as interference with the ileal absorption of cobalamins. The diagnosis of D. latum is usually made by the detection of eggs in feces and patients can be treated with a variety of drugs including praziquantel. The detection of adult worms at the time of colonoscopy appears to be unusual. The infective larval forms in fish (plerocercoids), can be readily killed by cooking fish at 55°C for 5 min or by freezing for 8–72 h. Contributed by
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".