Bibliographic record
Abstract
T he basic synchronization primitives provided in Java are very easy to use, and well-suited to the majority of situations a programmer sees. In many respects they are simpler, easier to use, and less prone to errors than their counterparts in POSIX threads (Pthreads). They do not, however, cover all situations and extending them is not always obvious. PROVIDING PROTECTION The first thing that synchronization techniques must provide is a method to ensure that updates to shared data are done in a correct fashion. In particular, many updates comprise several distinct operations and those operations must be done together, atomically. The canonical example is a program that updates your bank account. In Listing 1, it should be obvious that thread number 1 could overwrite the data that thread number 2 had just saved. The solution to this is to ensure that each of those operations happen atomically. In Java, this is done with a synchronized method (objects with such synchronization are known as monitors ). Now the second method will have to wait for the one called first to complete before it can start. The code in Listing 2 will operate correctly. Pthreads accomplishes the same behavior by using explicit mutex locks. While functionally equivalent, using explicit mutexes suffers from the added complexity of the programmer having to remember which locks to use and to unlock them after use. This is not a big problem, but when writing complex code that has numerous branches and return statements, mistakes do happen (I speak from experience!) and it can be irritating to track down.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.044 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".