Important mycoses and bacterioses of sweet cherry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Economically the most destructive fungal and bacterial pathogens of sweet cherry in the world and in Serbia are reviewed in the paper. Among the most important parasites certainly are Monilinia spp., Pseudomonas syringae pvs., Blumeriella jaapii, Leucostoma cincta and numerous viruses. More recently phytoplasmas have also been described as sweet cherry pathogens. In some areas and years, Stigmina carpophila, Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni and Agrobacterium tumefaciens are also significant sweet cherry pathogens. Data on noxiousness, symptoms, pathogen characteristics and control for economically the most important pathogens are given in the review. Monilinia spp. are grouped among economically the most damaging sweet cherry pathogens. Generally, two to three sprays are applied for protection of blossoms and one spray at the beginning of fruit ripening phase (accounting for pre-harvest interval). The fungus overwinters as mycelium in mummies or infected twigs. Under conditions of our country, conidia are the most important for primary infections and spreading. Apothecium and ascus with ascospores are rarely formed in the nature. By the rule, fruits become susceptible in the ripening phase, yet in neglected, chemically unprotected orchards, this phenomenon was also observed on immature fruits. P. syringae has been thoroughly studied in Serbia as causal agent of drying of different fruits (apricot, peach and sour cherry), yet information about this pathogen on sweet cherry are very poor. In current conditions, considering the expansion of production areas under sweet cherry, occurrence of this pathogen in new, young plantations can be expected. For now, observed symptoms are indicative of bacterial nature of the disease, however they have not been experimentally proven. B. jaapii is economically the most destructive sour and sweet cherry pathogen in production plantations in Serbia. On sweet cherry, the highest damages are caused on planting material in nurseries. On young stems, leaves heavily drop and only a few top, yellowish leaves remain. L. cincta is polyphagous parasite, widespread in a temperate region. In Serbia this pathogenic fungus has been extensively studied as causal agent of perennial canker of peach and apricot. According to previous preliminary studies, Cytospora cincta is present on dried branches of sweet cherry, but its role and significance in process of sweet cherry stem drying have not been studied. This pathogenic species on sweet cherry has been thoroughly studied in North America (USA and Canada).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".