Transmission of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 from an Infected Individual to a Caregiver
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe a suspected case of intrafamilial transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 from an infected individual to his caregiver. METHODS: HIV-1 protease, reverse transcriptase, nef and gp41 DNA sequences were determined from plasma samples after RNA extraction and nested RT-PCR. Phylogenetic trees were generated using neighbour-joining methods. RESULTS: HIV-1 infection was diagnosed in an individual (index) following the death of her HIV-infected adopted son (source). The index case cared for her son in the 9 months prior to his death. No obvious instances of contact with bodily secretions or other traditional risk factors for HIV transmission were identified, although the index case had mild eczema. At time of death, the source case's HIV plasma viral load was > 1,000,000 HIV copies/ml. Genotyping of the protease and reverse transcriptase of both the source and index samples revealed similar drug-resistance mutations despite the index case being antiretroviral-naive. Both source and index V3 genotypes were consistent with syncytium-inducing virus. The mean pairwise amino acid identity between the source and index samples was 97.0%, 99.2%, 92.6% and 94.6% in protease, reverse transcriptase, nef and gp41, respectively. The source and index sequences clustered together on phylogenetic trees when compared with 50 randomly selected sequences from British Columbia. CONCLUSION: Although exceptionally rare, our case demonstrates transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 from an infected individual to his caregiver in the absence of traditional risk factors. It should be noted that the source had a very high viral load during the terminal phase of his illness.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".