Bibliographic record
Abstract
Naturalization processes illustrated how relationships with workmates, spouses and kin integrated migrants into local society. The many lives of Robert Shaumann provide a vivid example of such informal incorporation. Originally from the Baltic port of Memel, Robert Shaumann gradually metamorphosed into Robert Sherman, birthplace South Shields, during a lengthy seafaring career. Born in 1848 or 1849 according to various documents, Robert Sherman stood 5 feet 4 1/2 inches tall and had blue eyes and black hair, or 5 feet 5 inches with brown hair. His earliest discharge papers, dating from the 1860s, identified their holder as Robert Schaumann or Heinrich Schaumann, born in Memel, then in Prussia. He sailed several times out of Memel to Dublin, Quebec, Bordeaux, Newcastle, Portsmouth, Swinemunde, Dunkirchen and Birkenhead in the Mersey. 1 From 1870 Robert Schaumann or Schaman began sailing out of British ports, and in the course of 56 subsequent voyages between 1870 and 1913 reported birth in Sweden in 1870–73, Memel in 1873–74, in Germany as Robert Shamman in 1875, in Memel and Sweden in 1876 and in London in 1877–78. During 21 voyages between 1879 and 1889, he was born in Stockholm, Sweden or Memel. Robert Sherman first claimed birth in South Shields in 1890, and more or less permanently assumed this name, which he had been using intermittently since 1877. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.014 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".