Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sites where in 1904 hundreds of athletes once competed in the Games of the Third Olympiad have long disappeared under the urban landscape of contemporary St Louis. Forest Park’s green expanses, historical museums and the city zoo stand where Olympic athletes once ran, jumped and swam. A now more than century-old stadium on the nearby campus of Washington University that seats 4000 spectators for collegiate soccer matches, football games, and track and field meets served in 1904, as several plaques and monuments on the grounds mention, as the main venue for an Olympian spectacle. Visitors to these neighborhoods in St Louis, however, have to know what they are looking for if they want to see the old sites. St Louis’ Olympic landmarks are not the high-traffic tourist sites that venues in other Olympic cities, from Beijing to Berlin, have become. 1 Like the sites that have now almost disappeared, most of the world and many Americans have forgotten that once upon a time St Louis staged an Olympic Games. In Olympic history the St Louis Games have generally been consigned to the dustbin. The eminent German scholar of modern Olympism, Karl Lennartz, has suggested that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) had to construct a ‘special’ Olympics held in 1906 in Athens to rescue the games from the St Louis debacle. 2 Even in the United States the St Louis Olympics have been marginalised. American Olympic scholar C. Robert Barnett argues that the general historical consensus has concluded that St Louis staged the ‘worst’ Olympics in modern times, ‘bathed in nationalism, ethnocentrism, controversy, confusion, boosterism, and bad taste’. 3 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".