An investigation of iron deficiency and anemia in piglets and the effect of iron status at weaning on post-weaning performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: To determine iron status of pigs at weaning and its effects on post-weaning performance, and to determine whether high concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) in feed are associated with postweaning anemia. Materials and methods: A small, medium, and large piglet (N = 1095) were selected per litter 1 to 2 days before weaning from 20 Ontario (Canada) swine farms. Serum and whole blood samples and body weights were collected. Three weeks later, a second body weight and blood sample were collected from the same pigs. Hemoglobin (Hb) and other blood parameters were analyzed to assess iron status and associations with post-weaning performance. Iron supplementation protocols and ZnO concentrations in nursery feed were collected. Results: Anemic and iron-deficient pigs presented at weaning on most participating farms. Pigs that had been anemic at weaning were 0.82 kg lighter 3 weeks post weaning than piglets that had normal Hb values at weaning (P < .05). Larger piglets at weaning had lower red cell parameters and serum iron, and higher total iron binding capacity, than smaller piglets (all P < .05). More pigs were anemic 3 weeks post weaning than at weaning (P < .05), and prevalence of anemia was associated with high ZnO concentrations (P < .05). Implications: Iron supplementation protocols used in the study herds were inadequate to prevent iron deficiency, particularly in the largest pigs. Anemic pigs at weaning have slower growth rates in the nursery. Consumption of nursery starter feeds containing high concentrations of ZnO is associated with post-weaning anemia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".