Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although most integral membrane proteins are bound to the lipid bilayer by a hydrophobic polypeptide transmembrane domain, a small functionally diverse group of proteins is uniquely anchored to the plasma membrane by the covalent attachment of a complex phospolipid anchor to the carboxyl terminus of the protein. This glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor consists of a hydrophobic phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, which attaches the carboxyl end of the protein to the outer lipid layer of the plasma membrane via a variable glycan chain and phosphoethanolamine ( 1 , 2 ). The functional role of the anchor is not clearly established, and proposals range from cell motility to cell signaling ( 1 , 3 , 4 ). The GPI-anchored protein can be released from the cell membrane by the action of a specific bacterial phospholipase, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PI-PLC) ( 5 ). The PI-PLC cleaves the anchor at the phosphodiester bond between the phophinositol group and the lipid portion of the anchor ( Fig. 1 ). Diacyglycerol is left in the outer cell membrane, while the protein is released in a water-soluble form into the media with the hydrolyzed portion of the GPI anchor. Therefore, it is possible to harvest natural and recombinant GPI-anchored proteins in a controlled fashion by removing the cell growth medium and replacing it with a much smaller volume of PI-PLC solution ( 6 – 8 ). This procedure yields a concentrated preparation of the desired protein that is relatively free of contaminating proteins contributed by the cells or the medium. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.028 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".