Inhibition of Human Breast Cancer Cells by Citrus Limonoids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Citrus limonoids are a class of chemically related compounds present in lemon, lime, orange and grapefruit. We have shown that nomilin and a limonoid glucoside mixture are potent inhibitors of prolifertation of estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) and -positive (ER+) human breast cancer cells in culture. In the present experiments, we tested deacetylnomilin, deoxylimonin, ichangin, isoobacunoic acid, limonol, limonin carboxymethoxime, methyl deoxylimonate, methylnomilinate methyl deacetylnomilinate, methyl isolimonate, nomilin glucoside, nomilinic acid glucoside, 7a-obacunol, obacunone and obacunone glucoside for their ability to inhibit the proliferation of MDA-MB-435 ER- and MCF-7 ER+ human breast cancer cells. In ER- cells, limonin methoxime and deacetylnomilin were the most effective inhibitors having IC50s of 0.02 and 0.07 ug/mL respectively. In ER+ cells, deacetylnomilin, obacunone and methyl nomilinate were the most effective inhibitors of proliferation having IC50s of 0.005, 0.009 and 0.01 ug/mL respectively. Maximum tolerated dose studies were conducted in nude mice for limonin and the glucoside
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".