Bibliographic record
Abstract
Each wired termination in a substation represents a cost associated with engineering, installing and testing that wired point. These costs include the obvious financial labor costs, but also include intangible costs such as installation and commissioning time, potential for human error, panel space, increased resistive burden in circuits, and larger raceways. Additionally, each wired termination represents stranded engineering time that is used design these terminations rather than allowing the engineering staff to solve problems. Most utility wiring design practices are taken for granted without thought as to the true cost and reliability of the practice and whether or not the function can be implemented with less wiring. Some standard utility practices have evolved that seek to minimize wiring. An example of this practice is the use of multifunction microprocessor based relays that can logically develop a trip bus from protective elements rather than having to wire individual elements to create the same trip bus. This paper seeks to expose some of the hidden financial costs and reliability costs associated with copper process wiring. Additionally this paper will discuss ways in which modern lEDs can be fully implemented to further reduce wiring. The cost and reliability benefits associated with the reduced wiring will be discussed and quantified. Some of the solutions to be addressed include the use of breaker lEDs as an interface for breaker control, IED to SCADA communications, IED to IED communications, internal lockout Relays, IED pushbutton control, and process bus. Each of these solutions are currently available in today's market place and have varying degrees of acceptance within the industry. The benefits and liabilities of each solution using traditional IED implementation versus maximized IED implementation shall be discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".