Stem Cell Therapy for Male Infertility: A Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Infertility affects 15% of couples in reproductive age world-wide and male factor is solely responsible in about 50% of the cases and contributory in 30-40% of cases. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are small self-renewing cells found in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules where they form the foundation of spermatogenesis and are required for the continuous production of sperm. Transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells results in a donor derived sperm production and fertility in rodent and non-rodent species like Goat. Transplantation of cryopreserved spermatogonial stem cells could help oncology patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy by prior isolation of the SSCs and transplantation after treatment. Induced pluripotent stem cells also have the ability to differentiate into late stage germ cells. The efficacy and safety of SSCs transplantation showed that offspring produced did not show any morphological differences or alteration of genetic material but is most effective through assisted reproduction and better on young/immature Animals. The transfer of germ cells through micro-injection of seminiferous tubules and cannulation of efferent ducts is most effective on rodent testis while injection into the rete testis guided by ultrasound was reported to be the best technique in higher Animals (Bulls and Apes). Researches are still ongoing to get a safe and successful method of SSCs transplantation with no or less side effects on humans.Keywords: Cryopreserved, Pluripotent, self-renewing, Spermatogonia, and Spermatogenesis
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".