Red Pigment Content and Expression of Genes Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) with Different Colored Flesh
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Radish with red skin and red flesh (Raphanus sativus) is a unique vegetable containing large amounts of a red pigment, which is widely used in foods, wine, and cosmetics. To investigate the gene or genes that play a key role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish with red skin and red flesh, the red pigment content and expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis of 16 varieties with different colored flesh were studied. The expression level of the genes RsPAL, RsCHS, RsCHI, RsDFR, RsF3H, RsF3'H, and RsANS in radish with red skin and red flesh are all significantly higher than that of radish with white skin and white flesh, radish with red skin and white flesh, radish with green skin and pinky flesh, and radish with red skin and pinky flesh. Correlation analysis indicated that the gene expression level of RsDFR, RsF3H, RsCHS, RsANS, RsF3'H, RsCHI, and RsPAL showed remarkable positive and significant correlation to red pigment content of radish. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the gene expression level of RsDFR had the highest and significant direct effect (0.8932) on red pigment content of radish. The results indicated that (1) the red pigment content of radish is closely related to the increased expression of a number of structural genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis, (2) the RsDFR gene plays a key role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in red radish with red flesh, and (3) RsDFR might be one of the best targets in genetic engineering for anthocyanin production from radish and other plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".