An efficient exponential time integration method for the numerical solution of the shallow water equations on the sphere
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The exponential propagation methods were applied in the past for accurate integration of the shallow water equations on the sphere. Despite obvious advantages related to the exact solution of the linear part of the system, their use for the solution of practical problems in geophysics has been limited because efficiency of the traditional algorithm for evaluating the exponential of Jacobian matrix is inadequate. In order to circumvent this limitation, we modify the existing scheme by using the Incomplete Orthogonalization Method instead of the Arnoldi iteration. We also propose a simple strategy to determine the initial size of the Krylov space using information from previous time instants. This strategy is ideally suited for the integration of fluid equations where the structure of the system Jacobian does not change rapidly between the subsequent time steps. A series of standard numerical tests performed with the shallow water model on a geodesic icosahedral grid shows that the new scheme achieves efficiency comparable to the semi-implicit methods. This fact, combined with the accuracy and the mass conservation of the exponential propagation scheme, makes the presented method a good candidate for solving many practical problems, including numerical weather prediction.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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