Perspective on Changes in Atmospheric Concentrations of Lindane and the Pre-Emergent Herbicides (Trifluralin, Ethalfluralin, Triallate) in the Canadian Prairies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Air concentrations of lindane and pre-emergent herbicides were measured during 2003 and 2010 at Bratt’s Lake, Saskatchewan and compared to other Canadian or worldwide sites. The removal of sales and usage of lindane in 2002 in Canada has resulted in a rapid decline in atmospheric concentrations of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane in the Canadian prairies. Pre-emergent herbicides which are used on grain and oil seed crops in the Canadian prairies show the highest atmospheric concentrations during the spring (May-June) when they are typically applied. Atmospheric concentrations of triallate are much higher than trifluralin or ethalfluralin in 2003. In 2010, there was a shift in time of the spring maximum atmospheric concentration of pre-emergent herbicides attributed to delays in seeding of wheat and canola. There was also a decline in atmospheric concentrations of triallate in 2010 as compared to 2003 which was associated with an increase in production of canola, and decline both locally and regionally in wheat production due to wet weather conditions in 2010. Ethalfluralin or triallate are potential replacement herbicides for use on canola or grain crops, and the long-range atmospheric transport of these pre-emergent herbicides should be considered together with trifluralin in future implications of potential restrictions developed for United Nations Economic Commission of Europe protocol on persistent organic pollutants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".