WNV: emerging threat to the Americas and opportunities for control.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract West Nile virus (WNV; family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus ) is currently the most widely distributed arbovirus in the world. It is maintained in nature in an enzootic cycle between ornithophilic mosquitoes and avian hosts. At least five lineages of WNV have been reported based on nucleotide sequence homology, but lineages 1 and 2 predominate. Lineage 1 WNV was introduced into the eastern USA in 1999, and within 5 years it was established in North America and Canada, the Caribbean, Mexico and Central America, and South America. The hallmark of WNV activity in North America has been the significant morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. Other vertebrates, including humans, have been infected with WNV, but their role in the transmission cycle is less significant because of their generally low levels of viraemia. Symptoms of WNV disease range from non-specific flu-like symptoms to muscle weakness and neuroinvasive disease [West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND)]. Approximately 75% of humans infected with WNV develop no or very mild symptoms, 25% develop West Nile fever and one in 150-250 develops WNND. The elderly and immunocompromized individuals are at the greatest risk of developing WNND. Long-term neurologic sequelae have been noted. Effective arbovirus surveillance is essential to predicting human incidence of WNV infection and to planning prevention and control strategies, such as mosquito abatement and dissemination of public warnings. Human vaccines for prevention of WNV are in various stages of development, but currently none are available for human use, even though equine vaccines have been available since 2003.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".