Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), modulation of neuronal activity is brought about by the actions of endogenous “neurotransmitters” that specifically interact with receptor proteins located in the neuronal cell membrane. In the cholinergic system, acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter released in the CNS, and appears to alter neuronal excitability by affecting such processes as cGMP production and K + flux ( Heilbronn and Bartfai, 1978 ). In contrast to the periphery, in which the cholinergic receptor population is divided between nicotinic and muscarinic subclasses, the CNS-associated cholinergic receptor appears to be predominantly of the muscarinic type, although there is evidence that the spinal cord contains substantial amounts of nicotinic receptors ( Heilbronn and Bartfai, 1978 ). Historically, the initial characterization of cholinergic actions was provided by A. S. V. Burgen. Although these early studies, using smooth muscle tissue ( Burgen and Spero, 1968 ; Burgen et al., 1974 ), provided initial clues about the peripheral muscarinic receptors, since then there have been numerous investigations, especially following the advent of radioligand binding assays, from which have come many novel observations of physiological significance. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.039 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".