Indirect effects of herbivory by deer reduce abundance and species richness of web spiders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
:We examined the abundance and species richness of web spiders in forests with and without deer to test the hypothesis that herbivory by deer simplifies habitat structure, thereby reducing the number of web spiders. The number of individuals, the number of species, and the availability of potential web sites were all lower where deer were present. The decrease in the abundance of spiders in the presence of deer was more prominent in large species. The species richness standardized by rarefaction was still lower where deer were present in one of two seasons, suggesting that the reduced number of species in the presence of deer was not simply a by-product of the decreased number of individuals. Web site availability was positively correlated with the number of individuals as well as with the number of species when both forest types were combined. However, prey availability, estimated by the number of insects captured with sticky traps, did not differ significantly between sites with and without deer. Thus, the decrease in spiders was most likely caused by indirect non-trophic effects of herbivory that were mediated by the simplification of habitat structure, not by a decrease in prey abundance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".