Chromatographic Method for AlternariaToxins in Apple Juice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are commonly parasitic on plants and other organic materials. Many are in fact plant pathogens of field crops whereas others infect foodstuffs after harvest ( 1 ). They can grow at low temperatures and so may cause spoilage of fruits and vegetables during refrigerated transport and storage. Alternaria alternata is a frequently occurring species of particular interest to mycotoxicologists because it produces a number of mycotoxins, including alternariol (AOH; 3,7,9-trihydroxy-1-methyl- 6H -dibenzo[ b,d ]pyran-6-one; Fig. 1 ), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME; 3,7-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-1-methyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one; Fig. 1 ), altertoxins I, II, and III [1 S -(1α, 12aβ, 12bα)] 1,2, 11, 12, 12a, 12b-hexahydro-1,4,9,12a-tetrahydroxy-3,10-perylenedione;[7aR-(7aα,8aα,8b α, 8cα)]-7a,8a,8b,8c,9,10-hexahydro-1,6,8c-trihydroxyperylo[1,2- b ]oxirene-7,11-dione; and [la R -(laα,lbβ,5aα,6aα,6bβ,10aα)]-la,1b,5a,6a,6b,10a-hexahydro-4,9-dihydroxyperylo[1,2- b :7,8- b ’]bisoxirene-5,10-dione; respectively, andL-tenuazonic acid [5 S -[5 R *( R *)]]-3-acetyl-5-(1-methylpropyl)-2,4-pyrrolidinedione ( 1 – 5 ). Isolation of AOH and AME was first reported in 1953 ( 2 ). A culture of A. alternata on corn flour has been found to be carcinogenic in rats, and culture extracts were mutagenic in various microbial and cell systems ( 6 – 8 ). A. alternata might be one of the etiological factors for human esophageal cancer in Linxian, China ( 8 ). AOH, AME and, in particular, the altertoxins are mutagenic ( 1 , 7 , 9 – 13 ). Although no long term cancer studies of these mycotoxins in laboratory animals have been carried out, there are reports of subcutaneous induction of squamous cell carcinoma in mice by human embryoesophageal tissue treated with AOH and of subcutaneous tumorigenicity with NIH/3T3 cells transformed by AME ( 9 , 14 ). Structures of alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.038 | 0.037 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".