Characterizing Spray Pulsations Using a Phase-Doppler Particle Analyzer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study focuses on understanding the pulsation characteristics of a spray generated with a feed nozzle commonly used in the petrochemical industry. A novel technique for characterizing the spray pulsation based on the data acquired using a phase-Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) is illustrated. Two-phase vertical sprays are generated using air and water at three different air-to-liquid mass ratios. Visual observations using an imaging technique indicated the presence of pulsations. Using the PDPA data, an intermittency factor, γ, denoting the degree of pulsation is defined. The mode of injection of the two phases and the effect of the carrier gas on the spray pulsations and the droplet size−velocity characteristics are also investigated. The present results indicate that the factor γ, coupled with the droplet size−velocity distribution, can be effectively used to characterize pulsating sprays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".