High amplitude anisotropic events (HAE) in cosmic ray diurnal variation during Solar cycle 23
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cosmic ray (CR) intensity shows significant diurnal variations of day-to-day most probable amplitudes of ~0.5% (annual vector averages <0.35%), often with wave trains of high amplitude anisotropic events (HAEs) and low amplitude anisotropic events (LAEs). Using the pressure-corrected data for the neutron monitor at Calgary (51oN, 114oW, cut-off rigidity 1.09 GV) during Solar cycle 23 (1996-2005), trends were removed by subtracting 24-hour running means from the hourly values. In the residues, days were searched when the maximum value of the diurnal amplitudes exceeded 1.0%. It was noticed that there were several HAE single events (amplitude exceeding 1.0% only on one day, not on the previous or succeeding day), double events (amplitudes exceeding 1.0% on two successive days), triple events (three successive days), and so on, with some having 10 or more days in succession. These events occurred at all levels and phases of CR variations, namely when CR daily values were almost constant for several days, or when daily values decreased slowly or increased slowly (few percent in several days, including 27-day variations) or just before the start of a Forbush decrease (FD) or during the recovery of a FD (During the main phase of sharp, strong FDs, the diurnal variation is highly distorted and difficult to access, hence omitted from the study). The occurrence of HAEs was found to be unrelated to geomagnetic indices or any interplanetary near-Earth parameters and is probably related to features in remote regions of the heliosphere.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".