Sex‐specific survival of adult common eiders in Nova Scotia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Common eiders (Somateria mollissima) are large sea ducks with a circumpolar distribution and have high cultural significance to sport hunters and indigenous peoples in many countries. Their gregarious habits, including colonial breeding and forming large flocks during migration and winter, make eiders susceptible to environmental stressors during breeding and non‐breeding seasons. Our objective was to assess whether low adult survivorship could be contributing to suspected local population declines in Nova Scotia, Canada. We banded molting male and breeding female common eiders along the marine coastline of Nova Scotia and recaptured them in later years. We found that from 1997 to 2011, when males and females were banded, male survival (S) was high (S = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.87–0.95), whereas female survival was approximately 10% lower (S = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.78–0.87) and at a level comparable to what has been reported in other regions of the world where eider populations are thought to be in decline. Recovery rates (f) of harvested male and female eiders were indistinguishable (f = 0.013; 95% CI = 0.010–0.016), suggesting that lower female survival is attributable to factors other than hunting. Supplementary analyses using a longer‐term data set for females only (1978–2011) and including live recapture data indicated that female survival rates have not changed markedly during the past 40 years and that the emigration rate from colonies is low (∼6%). We conclude that to successfully conserve this population, sources of non‐harvest female mortality should be investigated and used to develop targeted management solutions. We speculate that one of those sources of mortality is predation on females at breeding colonies, notably from eagles and mustelids. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".