Cadmium Accumulation in Wheat and Potato from Phosphate and Waste-Derived Zinc Fertilizers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phosphate and zinc fertilizer sources greatly vary in cadmium concentration, depending on the fertilizer raw material source and processing. Washington state has adopted Canadian guidelines for maximum allowable metal loading rates from fertilizers. Fertilizer screening rates are application rates established to determine potential metal loading rates in WA. Screening rates of 196 kg P2O5/ha and 8.4 kg Zn/ha were defined by 1998 Fertilizer Regulation Act. A 2-y field experiment was conducted to determine effects of some P and Zn fertilizers, applied at and above WA fertilizer screening rates, on wheat and potato Cd. An irrigated sandy soil was treated with 4 P sources, ranging from 49 to 780 mg Cd/kg P, and 1 waste derived Zn source. All sources applied at the WA screening rate maintained Cd levels at or below 0.05 mg Cd/kgfw for potato tubers and 0.1 mg Cd/kgdw for wheat grain. However, excessive triple super phosphate (TSP) applications over two years (1568 and 3156 kg P2O5/ha) exceeded 0.01 mg Cd/kg in wheat grain. In potato, 784 and 1568 kg P2O5/ha rates of TSP in both years and Western diammonium phosphate (WDAP) applied at 392 kg P2O5/ha over two years approached or exceeded 0.05 mg Cd/kgfw tuber. Overall, the current WA regulations on fertilizer Cd loading appear to be adequate at the established screening rates. Growers should be advised to adhere to agronomic rates to minimize metal loading.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".