Design and implementation of the Photo-Detector Module electronics for the EUSO-Balloon, prototype of the JEM-EUSO telescope
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A key feature of the JEM-EUSO observatory for Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) search is the electronics, and in particular the Photo-Detector Module (PDM) on the focal surface of an advanced diffractive optical system. As a pathfinder experiment for this space-based mission, over the last 3 years the EUSO-Balloon project has been developed to observe the ultraviolet background from the edge of the atmosphere on board a stratospheric balloon. August 2014, the EUSO Balloon was successfully operated 8-hour balloon flight over Timmins, Ontario, Canada. The EUSO-Balloon experiment uses a detector consisting of one Photo-Detector Module, identical to the 137 modules that will be present on the JEM-EUSO focal surface. UV light generated by ultra high-energy air showers passes the optics, UV filter, and impacts the Multi Anode Photo Multiplier Tubes (MAPMTs). UV photons are converted by the MAPMT photocathode into electrons, which are multiplied by the MAPMTs dynode and fed into a Elementary Cell - Application Specific Integrated Circuit (EC-ASIC) boards. These EC-ASIC boards in turn perform the photon counting and charge estimation, by counting the single photoelectron emitted during each Gate Time Unit (of 2.5 us each). The PDM board interfaces with these ASIC boards, providing them with power and configuration parameters as well as collecting data from the external trigger. In this paper, I will describe the details of the design and the fabrication of the PDM, as well as its EUSO-Balloon flight results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".