Regulation of Apo B Production in HepG2 Cells by Citrus Limonoids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In rabbits, dietary orange juice or grapefruit juice reduced the hypercholesterol-emia associated with elevation of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, induced by feeding casein. To determine whether this effect could be partly due to constituent limonoids, the ability of these compounds to lower overall production of apo B (the structural protein of LDL) was tested. Using cultured human liver cells HepG2, fourteen naturally occurring limonoid aglycones and glucosides, a limonoid glucoside mixture isolated from orange molasses, and five synthetic limonoids were evaluated. Limonin and methyl deoxylimonate very effectively reduced the production of medium apo B by HepG2 cells. Nomilin, deoxylimonin and methyl isolimonate reduced moderately, and other limonoids had practically no effect on the production of medium apo B. The apo B-lowering potential of limonin was 30% greater than the apo B-lowering potential of two citrus flavonoids, hesperetin and naringenin. The effects of limonin, hesperetin and naringenin were dose-dependent but limonin, unlike the citrus flavonoids, did not cause decreases in the cellular synthesis of cholesteryl esters. The results suggest that limonin, along with citrus flavonoids, could contribute to cholesterol-lowering action of citrus juices. Limonin might be liberated from its glucoside derivative, limonin 17 -D-glucopyranoside, which is present in high concentrations in citrus juices, by the action of bacteria in digestive tract.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".