Thermo‐responsive polymers for drag reduction in turbulent Taylor–Couette flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The addition of a small amount of high molecular weight polymer to a solvent can substantially decrease friction losses by approximately 80%. This phenomenon known as drag reduction (DR) is used extensively in oil recovery during hydraulic fracturing and in many other applications to reduce the pumping costs. However, because of long chain length, these polymers get adsorbed on the surface of reservoir, diminishing the effectiveness of fracking. In the current study, a thermo‐responsive polymer, i.e., poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is investigated as a drag reducing agent (DRA), which collapses reversibly above 33 °C known as lower critical solution temperature (LCST), thereby preventing it from getting adsorbed beyond this temperature. Free radical polymerization was used to synthesize the PNIPAM and a Taylor–Couette (TC) setup with a rotating inner cylinder was utilized for measuring the DR. The effect of concentration, Reynolds number ( Re ), and temperature on DR were studied and a maximum of 50% DR was observed at 400 PPM concentration. PNIPAM demonstrated significant decrease in DR beyond LCST, validating its thermo‐responsive nature that could be beneficial for DR in oil recovery or in providing a control modality to DR technologies.DR versus temperature for PNIPAM solution (500 PPM) at Re = 100,000 demonstrating responsive behavior with temperature © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133 , 44191.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".