Somatic Embryogenesis: Forage Improvement using Synthetic Seeds and Plant Transformation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is fundamental to the genetic improvement of forage legumes for plant transformation and for propagation by synthetic seeds. The trait is sexually inherited in alfalfa as two independent, complementary, dominant nuclear genes. Populations that have different genetic backgrounds, that contain a high proportion of embryogenic individuals and that have good field performance have been created. To evaluate the potential of transformation technology to improve winter survival in alfalfa, we created transgenic alfalfa plants expressing a cDNA for a Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD). In replicated field plots, all SOD transgenic plants had much higher survival after two winters than the non-transgenic genotype. Releasing these or other transgenic alfalfa plants as commercial varieties requires special consideration because of autotetraploid inheritance and in-breeding depression during seed production. Several alternative seed production methods are described that might produce transgenic varieties from a few transgenic parents. One model is to backcross the transgenic plant into different populations and then identify new parents for the synthetic variety from those populations. Synthetic seeds might be used to produce a double-cross hybrid or a reduced generation synthetic. Alternatively, one or two transgenic plants might be included as parents in conventional synthetic varieties and herbicide resistance used to select those progeny containing the desired transgenes. This last strategy requires the least laboratory labor and over 80% of the forage production plants probably might contain the transgene.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".