Responsive Polymer/Liposome Complexes: Design, Characterization and Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The interactions between vesicles and hydrophobically-modified copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N-glycine acrylamide (Gly) have been examined by fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and dye-release studies. Four different polymer samples were employed: a copolymer of NIPAM and Gly (PNIPAM-Gly), a copolymer of NIPAM, Gly, and N-(1-pyrenylmethylacrylamide) (PNIPAM-Gly-Py), a copolymer of NIPAM, Gly, and N-(n-octadecylacrylamide) (PNIPAM-Gly-C18), and a copolymer of NIPAM, Gly, and N-[4-(1-pyrenyl)butyl]-N-n-octadecylacrylamide (PNIPAM-Gly-C18Py). The polymers form soluble micelles in cold water but their solutions undergo phase separation upon heating above a critical temperature. In the presence of liposomes the polymeric micelles are disrupted and the hydrophobic substituents of the polymer are incorporated within the liposome bilayer to yield polymer/liposome complexes. The binding of PNIPAM-Gly-C18Py with liposomes was assessed as a function of the chemical composition of the liposome membrane, the total lipid concentration, and the incubation time. Three factors control the polymer/liposome interactions: (1) hydrophobic interactions driven by the nonpolar side groups of the polymer; (2) hydrogen-bond formation between the amide residues of the NIPAM units and the ethylene glycol head groups of the lipid; and (3) hydrogen-bond formation between the Gly residues of the polymer and those linked to the liposome bilayer via incorporation in the bilayer of the glycine-terminated lipid, 1',3'-dihexadecyl N-[1-(N-glycyl)succinyl]-L-glutamate ((C16)2-Glu-C2-Gly). The latter interactions are labile and can be disrupted by changes in pH. Thus, efficient release of calcein took place when a pH 7.4 suspension of calcein-loaded liposomes containing (C16)2-Glu-C2-Gly in their bilayer and coated with PNIPAM-Gly-C18Py was acidified to pH 6.0.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".