Sex differences in spring migration timing and body composition of silver-haired bats<i>Lasionycteris noctivagans</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the phenology of bat migration has been investigated at the population level, the timing and energy management of individual bats is poorly understood. Early arrival on the summering grounds with ample energy stores may give a fitness advantage to females preparing to raise pups. In contrast, there is no such fitness gain for males because they invest in mating during autumn. We use 3 years of capture data to investigate sex differences in spring migration passage date and body composition of Lasionycteris noctivagans. We predicted that females would arrive earlier in the spring and maintain greater fat stores than males. Females passed through the study site earlier and had more fat than males in 2 of 3 study years. Cold weather appeared to delay female migration and to deplete fat stores but did not appear to affect the passage date or fat stores of males. Our findings indicate that sex differences occur in the timing and energy management decisions of bats during spring migration. We postulate this difference in migration strategy is related to the increased demands of reproduction once females arrive at their summering grounds. Our results also suggest that females’ fuel migration with energy acquired en route to a greater extent than males.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".