Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carnot’s optimistic appraisal of the civilising and enlightening power of steamships serves as an appropriate epigraph for a chapter on steam at sea in an age of Victorian empire. Thirty years on, however, his faith that steam-powered vessels ‘lessened the dangers of voyages’ would have rung hollow. The year 1854 was a disastrous one both for transatlantic steamships and for iron sailing ships out of Liverpool. On 1 March the iron screw steamer City of Glasgow , constructed on the River Clyde by Tod & Macgregor four years earlier to their own account and now owned by the ambitious Inman Line of Liverpool, left her home port with some 480 passengers and crew bound for Philadelphia. She never arrived. No trace was ever found of a vessel much admired as the exemplar of progress and economy compared to the generously subsidised wooden paddle steamers of the Collins and Cunard lines. Six months later, her larger consort, City of Philadelphia , ran ashore near Cape Race, Newfoundland, on her maiden voyage from Liverpool, leaving Inman with just one ship. Then, on 27 September as the BAAS was in full session in the fresh neoclassical splendour of St George’s Hall, Liverpool, the Collins Line steamship Arctic foundered with the loss of perhaps as many as 350 passengers and crew after colliding with a small French steamer near the same cape. 2 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.028 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".