Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three illustrious historians—Anthony Pagden, Biancamaria Fontana, and John Pocock —have contributed to this volume, and it is not easy to follow them. Rather than advance another survey of ideas of Europe, I would like to accept one of the ideas they present and investigate it from what aspires to be a postimperial perspective. The idea I wish to examine is of Europe as a federation of independent states, and this as a prototype for the rest of the world. It is closely associated with Immanuel Kant and Benjamin Constant. For shorthand, I will call it the Kantian or federal idea of Europe. My thesis is that a survey of the critical attitude that has developed in response to this idea over the past two hundered years will change our idea of Europe and its relation to the rest of the world, from an Eurocentric to a more cosmopolitan conception. THE KANTIAN IDEA OF EUROPE AND THE WORLD Recall how Anthony Pagden, Biancamaria Fontana, and to some degree John Pocock presented a wide variety of ideas of Europe from various ages and went on to single out the idea associated with Kant and Constant, suggesting that it remains relevant today. This idea contains five main features. First, Europe is tending toward a federation of independent or sovereign states, each and every one of which has what Kant calls a “republican” constitution: that is, the formal equality of citizens under the law, the separation of legislature and executive, and representative government.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.030 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".