Bibliographic record
Abstract
Italy has the largest number of workers' cooperatives in the Western world, and the largest fraction of the workforce employed by such firms. Ammirato (1996: 319) reports that in 1989 there were 10,445 workers' cooperatives affiliated with one of four national federations, along with many others not so affiliated. This is likely to be an underestimate because cooperatives in the agricultural, housing, transport, and fishing sectors have been excluded along with so-called "mixed" coops. But data on the Italian coops are notoriously bad (Oakeshott, 1978; Zevi, 1982; Earle, 1986: 63–66), with Earle remarking that nobody really knows "how many co-ops are genuine and operative, and how many are dormant, embryonic, phantasmal or bogus" (1986: 203). For example, entirely conventional firms have sometimes registered as cooperatives in order to gain access to public subsidies. All numerical estimates must therefore be taken with a generous serving of salt.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".