Putting the East in Order: German Historians and Their Attempts to Rationalize German Eastward Expansion during the 1930s and 1940s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I an Kershaw in his landmark biography of Adolf Hitler coined an interesting phrase when he put in a nutshell what made National Socialism function: “Working towards the Führer .” Hitler, once in power, did not—as Kershaw argues—have to give orders to let National Socialism take shape. The deeds and actions that made up the Third Reich were to a large extent performed voluntarily, on their instigator’s initiative. Hundreds of thousands if not millions of Germans tried to anticipate what they expected the Führer would wish without awaiting instructions from above. Hitler’s power, therefore, has to be understood as a social product, a creation of social and—we may add to Kershaw—national-patriotic motivations vested in Hitler by his followers. They hoped that their own interests and aspirations, which they pursued in their respective spheres of life, would be identical with those of the Führer . By trying to realize their own political and social hopes they translated the Dictator’s loosely framed ideological goals into reality by initiatives focused on working toward the fulfilment of Hitler’s visionary aims. 1 Another leading specialist in the field, Hans Mommsen, recently claimed that one should not speak of affinity when talking about people who shared only certain aspects of National Socialist politics and ideology, since this would unduly distance them from National Socialism. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.028 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".