Eliminating Thrips From In Vitro Shoot Cultures of Apple with Insecticides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The insecticides acephate, dichlorvos, and imidacloprid were assayed, using in vitro shoot cultures of apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh. ) , to determine their phytotoxicity at several concentrations and their effectiveness for eradication of the Western Flower Thrip ( Frankliniella occidentalis, Pergande) from infested apple shoot cultures. Commercial formulations of acephate (Orthene), dichlorvos (VaportapeII), and imidacloprid (Admire) and a technical grade of imidacloprid were used in the experiments. For acephate and imidacloprid, concentrations of 1 to 80 mg·L -1 a.i. in shoot culture medium were used, while for dichlorvos, a fumigant, particles of the formulated product containing concentrations of 0.7 to 6.4 mg a.i. were suspended in the head space of the 500-mL glass culture jar. Acephate, dichlorvos, and the technical grade of imidacloprid did not cause phytotoxicity and growth of shoot cultures was unaffected at all treatment concentrations tested after a 6-week treatment period. Imidacloprid (20 to 80 mg·L -1 of the commercial formulation) caused chlorosis at the end of the 6-week treatment period. None of the treatments tested resulted in the death of shoots. Thrips were eradicated by acephate or imidacloprid treatments of 5 mg·L -1 and by dichlorvos treatment of 0.7 mg per 500-mL culture jar. Shoot cultures grew normally after the treatment period. Chemical names used: O,S -dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate (acephate), 2,2- dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate(dichlorvos),1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)- N -nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine (imidacloprid).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".