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Record W2502578214 · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107261464.011

Rubber, Gold, and the Battle for Resources

2015· book-chapter· en· W2502578214 on OpenAlexaff
Éric T. Jennings

Bibliographic record

VenueCambridge University Press eBooks · 2015
Typebook-chapter
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicAfrican history and culture studies
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsBattleDramaArtElement (criminal law)Resource (disambiguation)Visual artsHistoryEngineeringPolitical scienceArt historyLawAncient history

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

A 1947 documentary entitled Autour de Brazzaville , filmed partly by avant-garde photographer Germaine Krull, sets about informing the French public about what “Equatorial Africa brought Free France” during World War II. While the film exalts the troops from these territories and chronicles the rallying of the colonies in question in August 1940, not to mention the heroism of doctors and the development of infrastructures under Gaullist rule, it nonetheless depicts the region's chief contribution to the Allied cause as resource-based. FEA had “offered” massive amounts of rubber, gold, and to a lesser extent, wood. Indeed, a 1943 order outlining Krull's mission describes plainly “a film about the production of gold, rubber and timber.” It is precisely this focus on extraction that constitutes the most captivating aspect of the film today, more than its perhaps predictable civilizing discourse and condescending tone (“A hundred years earlier FEA had been in the stone age,” trumpets the boisterous narrator). Frame upon frame focuses on Free French Africa's contribution of natural resources. One is left thinking that FEA and Cameroon must have been bled dry in the span of four years. Rubber is closely linked to the brutality for which the Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo became so notorious in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The regions that would subsequently be known as FEA proved little different in this respect. In the 1890s, rubber was collected in lieu of taxes. Concessionary companies dealing in wood and rubber carved up the area. Gabonese like Vincent de Paul Nyonda, Valére Mourigou, and Pototu Mbumb reported acts of sadistic cruelty linked to rubber production: rapes, forced incest, and other sexual crimes committed on those unfortunate enough to have brought rubber that the authorities deemed to be of insufficient or inferior quality. This first rubber fever peaked in 1917. In the wake of the Great War, the commodity's price collapsed. Thereafter, wild rubber collection dropped considerably across Africa, including in FEA and Cameroon, even though a British scheme to limit production in the 1920s briefly caused rubber demand to rebound.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Qualitative · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.016
Threshold uncertainty score0.032

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0050.010
Scholarly communication0.0030.003
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0010.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0070.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.039
GPT teacher head0.228
Teacher spread0.189 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designQualitative
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2015
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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