Continuous Ultrasound Decreases Pain Perception and Increases Pain Threshold in Damaged Skeletal Muscle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Determine whether therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) delivered in a continuous mode reduces pain perception after muscle injury. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind trial. SETTING: Institutional laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty young healthy participants (11 females; 9 males; mean age ± SD, 24.1 ± 3.7 years). INTERVENTION: All subjects performed 50 maximal eccentric contractions of the biceps brachii on a Biodex dynamometer. Criterion measures of isometric force production and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity confirmed tissue damage. Both groups received either TUS or sham treatment everyday starting 24 hours after muscle damage. Muscle soreness and pain were assessed at baseline, 48 hours postdamage, and every other day for 8 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Muscle pain was assessed with a battery of tests: visual analog scale (VAS), Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2, joint angle changes, and mechanical pressure threshold. RESULTS: Confirmation of damage occurred with baseline compared to 48 hours after damage of isometric peak torque (N·m; P < 0.01) and CK activity (IU/I; P = 0.03). Our results showed significant treatment group differences in VAS (P = 0.01) and mechanical pressure threshold (P = 0.02) after the third TUS treatment in the distal bicep brachii region. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous TUS reduced pain perception and increased mechanical pressure threshold in the biceps brachii after muscle damage, specifically near the distal musculotendinous junction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".