Ensuring a Stable Federal State: Economics or Political Institutional Design
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Federalism is often seen as a partial solution to an array of problems that confound stability and economic growth in democratic states. For continental powers like the United States, Russia, and Australia, the goal is to encourage a rational treatment of public goods and externalities that vary in geographic scope. Federalism in Germany was identified as a way to decentralize power in accord with earlier traditions and to minimize the likelihood that a dictatorship could again subvert its constitutional order. Federalism in India seems the only way to govern a heterogeneous state that will soon be the most populous on the planet. Federal institutions in Russia are essential not only because of geographic diversity and the desire to break with the previous regime's practices of over-centralization, but also to make coherent a situation in which regional authorities cannot be precluded from asserting their autonomy against a weakened central government. And federalism in one form or another is regarded as the only structure that might contend successfully with the ethnic, religious, and linguistic cleavages that bedevil countries like Spain, Ukraine, Nigeria, Belgium, South Africa, and Canada. In fact, it is now commonly agreed that there should be some federal-like decentralization of governmental authority and responsibility even for states that are not explicitly or implicitly federal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".