Bibliographic record
Abstract
The admission of the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the United Nations in October 1971 and the concurrent Sino-American rapprochement in the period from 1969 to 1979 suggest that the existing international order was easily capable of accommodating Communist China after more than two decades of international isolation. Under which conditions did this accommodation actually occur? Neither the international organization in New York nor its host country accommodated Communist China because it had become a rising power. In terms of steadily increasing economic or military power, the PRC was neither ascending nor declining in 1971, when it joined the United Nations, nor even in 1979, when it obtained full American diplomatic recognition. Much of the country's meteoric rise happened after these events. How do we explain this case of accommodation, then? For more than two decades after 1949, the United Nations was the central location both in the American attempt to keep Communist China outside of the global system and in the worldwide movement toward integrating it into the family of nations. The entry of the PRC into the United Nations in October 1971 marked its full accommodation by that international institution; in its wake, Communist China obtained a permanent seat in the Security Council, instantly transforming it into a major stakeholder in global governance. At roughly the same time, however, the PRC obtained only limited accommodation by the United States; bilateral relations did not develop further for another seven years. In fact, the American limited accommodation of Communist China in 1971–72 was largely an attempt to achieve – unsuccessfully – strategic advantages in the Vietnam War (1964–1975), and to accommodate – successfully, at least for a while – the rise of the Soviet Union to strategic parity. Full US accommodation of the PRC at the turn of 1978–79 occurred against the background of domestic developments in China and the bilateral need for cooperative containment of Soviet-supported Vietnamese expansionism in South East Asia. The motivations for the United States to accommodate Communist China after 1969 rested in the American desire to avoid war in the long term. However, this required the PRC to accept the existing normative world order, that is, the United Nations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".