Fully Integrated Buck Converter With Fourth-Order Low-Pass Filter
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fully integrated buck converters are typically operated with a second-order LC low-pass filter and a switching frequency beyond 100 MHz. The motivation for such design choices is to reduce the size of passive components in the LC low-pass filter required for small output voltage ripple. However, in a buck converter with on-chip planar spiral inductors, a fourth-order filter can deliver better performance characteristics without area penalty. This paper presents a comparative study of a fourth-order LC low-pass filter versus a second-order LC low-pass filter with on-chip planar spiral inductors and on-chip capacitors. A fully integrated buck converter is then designed with a quasi-V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> controller to demonstrate the benefits of a fourth-order LC low-pass filter. The prototype chip, which is implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process, produces a nominal voltage of 0.7 V from a 1-V supply. The fourth-order LC low-pass filter uses a total inductance of 1.8 nH and a total capacitance of 4 nF. Measurement results demonstrate fast transient response on the order of nanoseconds. A peak efficiency of 76.1% is achieved, and the output voltage ripple is kept below 15 mV over the entire range of load current from 40 to 180 mA.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it