An Integrated Experimental Study of Foamy Oil Flow During Solution Gas Drive
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract One of the important mechanisms in the primary production of heavy oil reservoirs under solution gas drive is the foamy oil flow effect. This form of flow occurs only under certain combinations of capillary, viscous, and gravity forces. Several studies have been carried out to examine this effect on the recovery process, but it remains poorly understood and difficult to model. The objective of this study was to examine the roles of capillary, viscous, and gravity forces in foamy oil flow. Primary depletion experiments were conducted in a 2 m long sand pack holder to measure the oil and gas production at different depletion rates. The effect of gravitational forces was investigated by comparing the experiments conducted in horizontal and vertical orientations of the 2 m long sand pack. In the vertical orientation, the solution gas drive performance was evaluated with production from the bottom end of the sand pack, as well as with production from the top end. The experimental results are presented in terms of the oil and gas production behaviour affected by the capillary number and gravity forces. The results indicate that the gravity forces do not significantly influence the ultimate oil recovery when the oil is produced under foamy oil flow. Even at the lowest depletion rate used in these tests, when the oil flow and gravity are in the same direction, gravity segregation of gas did not improve the oil recovery significantly. Recovery efficiency and the critical gas saturation at which free gas flow starts are primarily dependent on the capillary number. Introduction Some of the heavy oil reservoirs in the world show anomalous primary production under solution gas drive. Smith(1) was one of the first researchers who presented a detailed analysis of such unusual production behaviour. Since then, it has been the subject of many studies, due to its importance in making reliable projections of future production and optimization of field operations. These studies can be divided into three categories. The first category focuses mainly on the geomechanical aspects(2, 3). It is believed that the production of sand with oil improves the inflow performance by creating wormholes (high permeability channels). Experimental and theoretical studies(3, 4) have shown that the high pressure gradients present during cold production can overcome the cohesive strength of the sand matrix and this leads to the creation of wormholes. However, the mechanics of wormhole network development are not yet clear. The second category focuses on multiphase flow behaviour, and can be further divided into two subcategories. First, there are the conventional two-phase flow models(5, 6), which suggest that solution gas drive, whether in light oils or in heavy oils, is describable by the critical gas saturation and oil-gas relative permeability. In these, the high oil recovery is attributed mainly to low gas mobility. However, a good history match of the field performance is not obtained by using low gas mobility; it also requires enhanced permeability far from the wellbore due to sand production(7).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".