Examining the cardiovascular symptoms in adults living with chronic insomnia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic insomnia is characterised by difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, waking up too early, non-restorative sleep, and daytime impairment, experienced for 6 or more weeks ( American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005 ). Its prevalence is estimated at 50.0% of the general population worldwide ( Irish et al, 2015 ; Kredlow et al, 2015 ). The experience of chronic insomnia is associated with an increased risk for chronic diseases, cardiovascular diseases in particular ( King et al, 2008 ; Tsunoda et al, 2015 ). Evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies demonstrates a significant relationship between insomnia and risk of cardiovascular diseases, after controlling for sleep disorders that are physiological in nature (e.g. sleep apnoea) and for other risks of cardiovascular diseases, such as smoking, low levels of physical activity, and alcohol and caffeine consumption ( Foley et al, 2004 ; Phillips et al, 2007 ; Hoevenaar-Blom et al, 2011 ). This evidence suggests that non-physiological factors contribute to the risk of cardiovascular diseases in persons with chronic insomnia. Stress, manifested as anxiety and depression, is often experienced by persons with chronic insomnia ( Specchio et al, 2004 ; Taylor et al, 2007), and those with anxiety report cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain and dyspnea ( Ketterer et al, 2008 ). There is limited research exploring the contribution of psychological (i.e. insomnia, anxiety, and depression) or physical factors (smoking, physical activity, and alcohol and caffeine consumption) to the experience of cardiovascular symptoms (which are indicative of cardiovascular diseases) among adults with chronic insomnia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".