Measurement of Laminar Flame Speed and Flammability Limits of a Biodiesel Surrogate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laminar flame speed of a newly developed biodiesel surrogate, 1,3-dimethoxyoctane, has been experimentally determined at standard atmospheric pressure and 433 K using a spherical combustion chamber. The 29 L combustion chamber has two pairs of fused silica windows for optical access and is also equipped with 4 pairs of axial fans for generating isotropic turbulence, which is used here to prepare homogeneous combustible mixtures of fuel and air. Schlieren technique was used to visualize and document the temporal evolution of the outwardly propagated spherical 1,3-dimethoxyoctane/air flame. An in-house developed Matlab code was employed for postprocessing of the flame front images and determining the time histories of its radius. Validation of the experimental setup and methodology was achieved by measuring the laminar flame speed of n -heptane/air mixtures at atmospheric pressure and 353 K, and compared with published reports. The results revealed that the proposed biodiesel surrogate, 1,3-dimethoxyoctane, has an overall flame speed comparable to that of published biodiesel surrogates. Furthermore, the flammability limits of the newly developed biodiesel surrogate were similar to those of gaseous hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane) and higher than those of liquid fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".