Breathing position and the perception of consonants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several theories of speech perception and acquisition suggest a role for the motor system in auditory processing. One class of these theories suggests that motor information plays an especially important role when auditory speech processing is noisy, ambiguous, or otherwise hard to process. Empirical studies exploring this hypothesis have often demanded that experimental participants move their articulators in speech-like ways when perceiving, but here, we design an experiment in which participants are asked--in a more implicit manner--to maintain an articulatory position while perceiving speech. Our manipulation involved breathing through either the mouth or nose, which necessarily changes the position of the velum (up or down). In this study, we examined the perception of consonant sounds as experimental participants breathed through the nose or mouth. Speech sounds where presented to native French speakers, and involved either an experimental condition, in which the sounds differed mainly with respect to the position of the velum (/ada/ or /ana/), or a control condition, in which the sounds differed mainly with respect to the position of the tongue (/ada/ or /aga/). Results suggested that breathing through the nose affected speech categorization in the experimental condition, such that more ambiguous sounds were perceived as /ana/ than in the mouth condition. No such differences were seen in the control condition. These results support the notion that implicit, and very subtle motor information can affect auditory speech identification, particularly when the speech sounds are ambiguous. This supports classes of speech processing theories that incorporate forward models in the motor system (i.e., when the motor system creates expectations about the sensory consequences of an action). Our data suggest that the simple act of breathing through the nose or mouth can create subtle expectations about whether an ambiguous speech sound is heard as a /d/ or /n/.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".