Measuring the Conservatism Level in the Accounting Policies and Its Effect on the Financial Information Disclosure Quality in the Jordanian Commercial Banks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study is to measure the level of conservatism in accounting policies and its effect on disclosure quality in commercial banks in Jordan. The research was implemented on the Jordanian commercial banks listed at Amman Stock Exchange from the period 2005 to 2014. The study population consists (14) banks used as a sample. The total data observations for the last 10 years were (130), (29) of which were dismissed either because missing observation or outlier, leaving a final study sample of (101) observations. The research used the book value-to-market value ratio and the accruals-to-profit (before extraordinary events and discontinued operations) ratio as proxies for conservatism. While the level of compliance with disclosure instructions was used as a proxy for disclosure quality. The study used two hypotheses to achieve its goals. The results showed that there is a good level of conservatism in accounting policies used by Jordanian commercial banks, which is one of the banking sector characteristics. The study showed a significant effect of accounting conservatism measured by using the accruals-to-profit ratio on the disclosure quality, but not when using the book value-to-market value ratio. This difference in results could be referred to the presence of pure accounting factors in the accruals-to-profit ratio, but there are additional environmental factors in the book value-to-market value ratio.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".